What is the Securest Way to Encrypt Passwords?

The most secure way to encrypt passwords is to use a strong and proven hashing algorithm specifically designed for password storage. In modern systems, the recommended approach is to use a password hashing function with adaptive algorithms and salting.

Here are some best practices for securely encrypting passwords:

1. Use a strong hashing algorithm: Avoid outdated and weak algorithms like MD5 or SHA-1. Instead, opt for newer and more secure algorithms like bcrypt, scrypt, or Argon2. These algorithms are designed to be computationally expensive, making it harder for attackers to crack passwords through brute-force or dictionary attacks.
2. Implement salted hashing: Salting involves adding a unique random value (salt) to each password before hashing it. The salt is then stored alongside the hashed password. This process ensures that even if two users have the same password, their hashed passwords will be different. Salting makes it significantly more challenging for attackers to use precomputed tables (rainbow tables) for password cracking.
3. Use a high work factor: Adaptive hashing algorithms allow you to increase the work factor, making the hashing process slower and more computationally intensive. This can help mitigate the impact of Moore’s Law and advances in hardware capabilities, ensuring that the hashing process remains slow enough to deter brute-force attacks.
4. Consider key stretching: Key stretching techniques, such as iterating the hashing process multiple times, can further increase the time required for hashing. This adds an extra layer of security against brute-force attacks.
5. Keep the hashing process offline: Avoid performing password hashing on the client-side or in the user’s browser. Instead, perform the hashing on a secure server that you control. This prevents attackers from obtaining the raw passwords or manipulating the hashing process.
6. Securely store the hashed passwords: Ensure that the hashed passwords, along with their associated salts, are stored securely. Implement proper access controls, such as limiting access to the password hashes only to authorized personnel or processes.
7. Regularly update and review security practices: Stay informed about the latest advancements in password security and update your practices accordingly. Regularly review your security measures, including your password storage mechanisms, to ensure they remain up to date and aligned with best practices.

Remember that encryption and hashing serve different purposes. Hashing is specifically designed for password storage, while encryption is used for protecting data in transit or at rest. When it comes to passwords, hashing is the recommended approach.